import numpy

import random

import matplotlib.pyplot

import pickle

import time

import warnings

class GA:

def __init__(self,

num_generations,

num_parents_mating,

fitness_func,

initial_population=None,

sol_per_pop=None,

num_genes=None,

init_range_low=-4,

init_range_high=4,

gene_type=float,

parent_selection_type="sss",

keep_parents=-1,

K_tournament=3,

crossover_type="single_point",

crossover_probability=None,

mutation_type="random",

mutation_probability=None,

mutation_by_replacement=False,

mutation_percent_genes='default',

mutation_num_genes=None,

random_mutation_min_val=-1.0,

random_mutation_max_val=1.0,

gene_space=None,

on_start=None,

on_fitness=None,

on_parents=None,

on_crossover=None,

on_mutation=None,

callback_generation=None,

on_generation=None,

on_stop=None,

delay_after_gen=0.0,

save_best_solutions=False,

suppress_warnings=False):

"""

The constructor of the GA class accepts all parameters required to create an instance of the GA class. It validates such parameters.

num_generations: Number of generations.

num_parents_mating: Number of solutions to be selected as parents in the mating pool.

fitness_func: Accepts a function that must accept 2 parameters (a single solution and its index in the population) and return the fitness value of the solution. Available starting from PyGAD 1.0.17 until 1.0.20 with a single parameter representing the solution. Changed in PyGAD 2.0.0 and higher to include the second parameter representing the solution index.

initial_population: A user-defined initial population. It is useful when the user wants to start the generations with a custom initial population. It defaults to None which means no initial population is specified by the user. In this case, PyGAD creates an initial population using the 'sol_per_pop' and 'num_genes' parameters. An exception is raised if the 'initial_population' is None while any of the 2 parameters ('sol_per_pop' or 'num_genes') is also None.

sol_per_pop: Number of solutions in the population.

num_genes: Number of parameters in the function.

init_range_low: The lower value of the random range from which the gene values in the initial population are selected. It defaults to -4. Available in PyGAD 1.0.20 and higher.

init_range_high: The upper value of the random range from which the gene values in the initial population are selected. It defaults to -4. Available in PyGAD 1.0.20.

# It is OK to set the value of any of the 2 parameters ('init_range_high' and 'init_range_high') to be equal, higher or lower than the other parameter (i.e. init_range_low is not needed to be lower than init_range_high).

gene_type: The type of the gene. It works only when the 'gene_space' parameter is None (i.e. the population is created randomly). It is assigned to any of these types (int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64) and forces all the genes to be of that type.

parent_selection_type: Type of parent selection.

keep_parents: If 0, this means no parent in the current population will be used in the next population. If -1, this means all parents in the current population will be used in the next population. If set to a value > 0, then the specified value refers to the number of parents in the current population to be used in the next population. For some parent selection operators like rank selection, the parents are of high quality and it is beneficial to keep them in the next generation. In some other parent selection operators like roulette wheel selection (RWS), it is not guranteed that the parents will be of high quality and thus keeping the parents might degarde the quality of the population.

K_tournament: When the value of 'parent_selection_type' is 'tournament', the 'K_tournament' parameter specifies the number of solutions from which a parent is selected randomly.

crossover_type: Type of the crossover opreator. If crossover_type=None, then the crossover step is bypassed which means no crossover is applied and thus no offspring will be created in the next generations. The next generation will use the solutions in the current population.

crossover_probability: The probability of selecting a solution for the crossover operation. If the solution probability is <= crossover_probability, the solution is selected. The value must be between 0 and 1 inclusive.

mutation_type: Type of the mutation opreator. If mutation_type=None, then the mutation step is bypassed which means no mutation is applied and thus no changes are applied to the offspring created using the crossover operation. The offspring will be used unchanged in the next generation.

mutation_probability: The probability of selecting a gene for the mutation operation. If the gene probability is <= mutation_probability, the gene is selected. It accepts either a single value for fixed mutation or a list/tuple/numpy.ndarray of 2 values for adaptive mutation. The values must be between 0 and 1 inclusive. If specified, then no need for the 2 parameters mutation_percent_genes and mutation_num_genes.

mutation_by_replacement: An optional bool parameter. It works only when the selected type of mutation is random (mutation_type="random"). In this case, setting mutation_by_replacement=True means replace the gene by the randomly generated value. If False, then it has no effect and random mutation works by adding the random value to the gene.

mutation_percent_genes: Percentage of genes to mutate which defaults to the string 'default' which means 10%. This parameter has no action if any of the 2 parameters mutation_probability or mutation_num_genes exist.

mutation_num_genes: Number of genes to mutate which defaults to None. If the parameter mutation_num_genes exists, then no need for the parameter mutation_percent_genes. This parameter has no action if the mutation_probability parameter exists.

random_mutation_min_val: The minimum value of the range from which a random value is selected to be added to the selected gene(s) to mutate. It defaults to -1.0.

random_mutation_max_val: The maximum value of the range from which a random value is selected to be added to the selected gene(s) to mutate. It defaults to 1.0.

gene_space: It accepts a list of all possible values of the gene. This list is used in the mutation step. Should be used only if the gene space is a set of discrete values. No need for the 2 parameters (random_mutation_min_val and random_mutation_max_val) if the parameter gene_space exists. Added in PyGAD 2.5.0.

on_start: Accepts a function to be called only once before the genetic algorithm starts its evolution. This function must accept a single parameter representing the instance of the genetic algorithm. Added in PyGAD 2.6.0.

on_fitness: Accepts a function to be called after calculating the fitness values of all solutions in the population. This function must accept 2 parameters: the first one represents the instance of the genetic algorithm and the second one is a list of all solutions' fitness values. Added in PyGAD 2.6.0.

on_parents: Accepts a function to be called after selecting the parents that mates. This function must accept 2 parameters: the first one represents the instance of the genetic algorithm and the second one represents the selected parents. Added in PyGAD 2.6.0.

on_crossover: Accepts a function to be called each time the crossover operation is applied. This function must accept 2 parameters: the first one represents the instance of the genetic algorithm and the second one represents the offspring generated using crossover. Added in PyGAD 2.6.0.

on_mutation: Accepts a function to be called each time the mutation operation is applied. This function must accept 2 parameters: the first one represents the instance of the genetic algorithm and the second one represents the offspring after applying the mutation. Added in PyGAD 2.6.0.

callback_generation: Accepts a function to be called after each generation. This function must accept a single parameter representing the instance of the genetic algorithm. If the function returned "stop", then the run() method stops without completing the other generations. Starting from PyGAD 2.6.0, the callback_generation parameter is deprecated and should be replaced by the on_generation parameter.

on_generation: Accepts a function to be called after each generation. This function must accept a single parameter representing the instance of the genetic algorithm. If the function returned "stop", then the run() method stops without completing the other generations. Added in PyGAD 2.6.0.

on_stop: Accepts a function to be called only once exactly before the genetic algorithm stops or when it completes all the generations. This function must accept 2 parameters: the first one represents the instance of the genetic algorithm and the second one is a list of fitness values of the last population's solutions. Added in PyGAD 2.6.0.

delay_after_gen: Added in PyGAD 2.4.0. It accepts a non-negative number specifying the number of seconds to wait after a generation completes and before going to the next generation. It defaults to 0.0 which means no delay after the generation.

save_best_solutions: Added in PyGAD 2.9.0 and its type is bool. If True, then the best solution in each generation is saved into the 'best_solutions' attribute. Use this parameter with caution as it may cause memory overflow when either the number of generations or the number of genes is large.

suppress_warnings: Added in PyGAD 2.10.0 and its type is bool. If True, then no warning messages will be displayed. It defaults to False.

"""

if type(suppress_warnings) is bool:

self.suppress_warnings = suppress_warnings

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise TypeError("The expected type of the 'suppress_warnings' parameter is bool but {suppress_warnings_type} found.".format(suppress_warnings_type=type(suppress_warnings)))

self.gene_space_nested = False

if type(gene_space) is type(None):

pass

elif type(gene_space) in [list, tuple, range, numpy.ndarray]:

if len(gene_space) == 0:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise TypeError("'gene_space' cannot be empty (i.e. its length must be >= 0).")

else:

for index, el in enumerate(gene_space):

if type(el) in [list, tuple, range, numpy.ndarray]:

if len(el) == 0:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise TypeError("The element indexed {index} of 'gene_space' with type {el_type} cannot be empty (i.e. its length must be >= 0).".format(index=index, el_type=type(el)))

else:

for val in el:

if not (type(val) in [type(None), int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]):

raise TypeError("All values in the sublists inside the 'gene_space' attribute must be numeric of type int/float/None but ({val}) of type {typ} found.".format(val=val, typ=type(val)))

self.gene_space_nested = True

elif type(el) == type(None):

pass

# self.gene_space_nested = True

elif not (type(el) in [int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise TypeError("Unexpected type {el_type} for the element indexed {index} of 'gene_space'. The accepted types are list/tuple/range/numpy.ndarray of numbers, a single number (int/float), or None.".format(index=index, el_type=type(el)))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise TypeError("The expected type of 'gene_space' is list, tuple, range, or numpy.ndarray but ({gene_space_type}) found.".format(gene_space_type=type(gene_space)))

if self.gene_space_nested:

if len(gene_space) != num_genes:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise TypeError("When the parameter 'gene_space' is nested, then its length must be equal to the value passed to the 'num_genes' parameter. Instead, length of gene_space ({len_gene_space}) != num_genes ({len_num_genes})".format(len_gene_space=len(gene_space), len_num_genes=num_genes))

self.gene_space = gene_space

self.init_range_low = init_range_low

self.init_range_high = init_range_high

if gene_type in [int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]:

self.gene_type = gene_type

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value passed to the 'gene_type' parameter must be either integer or floating-point number but the value ({gene_type_value}) of type {gene_type_type} found.".format(gene_type_value=gene_type, gene_type_type=type(gene_type)))

if initial_population is None:

if (sol_per_pop is None) or (num_genes is None):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Error creating the initail population\n\nWhen the parameter initial_population is None, then neither of the 2 parameters sol_per_pop and num_genes can be None at the same time.\nThere are 2 options to prepare the initial population:\n1) Create an initial population and assign it to the initial_population parameter. In this case, the values of the 2 parameters sol_per_pop and num_genes will be deduced.\n2) Allow the genetic algorithm to create the initial population automatically by passing valid integer values to the sol_per_pop and num_genes parameters.")

elif (type(sol_per_pop) is int) and (type(num_genes) is int):

# Validating the number of solutions in the population (sol_per_pop)

if sol_per_pop <= 0:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The number of solutions in the population (sol_per_pop) must be > 0 but ({sol_per_pop}) found. \nThe following parameters must be > 0: \n1) Population size (i.e. number of solutions per population) (sol_per_pop).\n2) Number of selected parents in the mating pool (num_parents_mating).\n".format(sol_per_pop=sol_per_pop))

# Validating the number of gene.

if (num_genes <= 0):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The number of genes cannot be <= 0 but ({num_genes}) found.\n".format(num_genes=num_genes))

# When initial_population=None and the 2 parameters sol_per_pop and num_genes have valid integer values, then the initial population is created.

# Inside the initialize_population() method, the initial_population attribute is assigned to keep the initial population accessible.

self.num_genes = num_genes # Number of genes in the solution.

self.sol_per_pop = sol_per_pop # Number of solutions in the population.

self.initialize_population(self.init_range_low, self.init_range_high)

else:

raise TypeError("The expected type of both the sol_per_pop and num_genes parameters is int but ({sol_per_pop_type}) and {num_genes_type} found.".format(sol_per_pop_type=type(sol_per_pop), num_genes_type=type(num_genes)))

elif numpy.array(initial_population).ndim != 2:

raise ValueError("A 2D list is expected to the initail_population parameter but a ({initial_population_ndim}-D) list found.".format(initial_population_ndim=numpy.array(initial_population).ndim))

else:

self.initial_population = numpy.array(initial_population)

self.population = self.initial_population.copy() # A NumPy array holding the initial population.

self.num_genes = self.initial_population.shape[1] # Number of genes in the solution.

self.sol_per_pop = self.initial_population.shape[0] # Number of solutions in the population.

self.pop_size = (self.sol_per_pop,self.num_genes) # The population size.

# Validating the number of parents to be selected for mating (num_parents_mating)

if num_parents_mating <= 0:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The number of parents mating (num_parents_mating) parameter must be > 0 but ({num_parents_mating}) found. \nThe following parameters must be > 0: \n1) Population size (i.e. number of solutions per population) (sol_per_pop).\n2) Number of selected parents in the mating pool (num_parents_mating).\n".format(num_parents_mating=num_parents_mating))

# Validating the number of parents to be selected for mating: num_parents_mating

if (num_parents_mating > self.sol_per_pop):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The number of parents to select for mating ({num_parents_mating}) cannot be greater than the number of solutions in the population ({sol_per_pop}) (i.e., num_parents_mating must always be <= sol_per_pop).\n".format(num_parents_mating=num_parents_mating, sol_per_pop=self.sol_per_pop))

self.num_parents_mating = num_parents_mating

# crossover: Refers to the method that applies the crossover operator based on the selected type of crossover in the crossover_type property.

# Validating the crossover type: crossover_type

if (crossover_type == "single_point"):

self.crossover = self.single_point_crossover

elif (crossover_type == "two_points"):

self.crossover = self.two_points_crossover

elif (crossover_type == "uniform"):

self.crossover = self.uniform_crossover

elif (crossover_type == "scattered"):

self.crossover = self.scattered_crossover

elif (crossover_type is None):

self.crossover = None

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Undefined crossover type. \nThe assigned value to the crossover_type ({crossover_type}) argument does not refer to one of the supported crossover types which are: \n-single_point (for single point crossover)\n-two_points (for two points crossover)\n-uniform (for uniform crossover).\n".format(crossover_type=crossover_type))

self.crossover_type = crossover_type

if crossover_probability is None:

self.crossover_probability = None

elif type(crossover_probability) in [int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]:

if crossover_probability >= 0 and crossover_probability <= 1:

self.crossover_probability = crossover_probability

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the 'crossover_probability' parameter must be between 0 and 1 inclusive but ({crossover_probability_value}) found.".format(crossover_probability_value=crossover_probability))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Unexpected type for the 'crossover_probability' parameter. Float is expected but ({crossover_probability_value}) of type {crossover_probability_type} found.".format(crossover_probability_value=crossover_probability, crossover_probability_type=type(crossover_probability)))

# mutation: Refers to the method that applies the mutation operator based on the selected type of mutation in the mutation_type property.

# Validating the mutation type: mutation_type

# "adaptive" mutation is supported starting from PyGAD 2.10.0

if (mutation_type == "random"):

self.mutation = self.random_mutation

elif (mutation_type == "swap"):

self.mutation = self.swap_mutation

elif (mutation_type == "scramble"):

self.mutation = self.scramble_mutation

elif (mutation_type == "inversion"):

self.mutation = self.inversion_mutation

elif (mutation_type == "adaptive"):

self.mutation = self.adaptive_mutation

elif (mutation_type is None):

self.mutation = None

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Undefined mutation type. \nThe assigned value to the mutation_type argument ({mutation_type}) does not refer to one of the supported mutation types which are: \n-random (for random mutation)\n-swap (for swap mutation)\n-inversion (for inversion mutation)\n-scramble (for scramble mutation).\n".format(mutation_type=mutation_type))

self.mutation_type = mutation_type

if not (self.mutation_type is None):

if mutation_probability is None:

self.mutation_probability = None

elif (mutation_type != "adaptive"):

# Mutation probability is fixed not adaptive.

if type(mutation_probability) in [int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]:

if mutation_probability >= 0 and mutation_probability <= 1:

self.mutation_probability = mutation_probability

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the 'mutation_probability' parameter must be between 0 and 1 inclusive but ({mutation_probability_value}) found.".format(mutation_probability_value=mutation_probability))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Unexpected type for the 'mutation_probability' parameter. A numeric value is expected but ({mutation_probability_value}) of type {mutation_probability_type} found.".format(mutation_probability_value=mutation_probability, mutation_probability_type=type(mutation_probability)))

else:

# Mutation probability is adaptive not fixed.

if type(mutation_probability) in [list, tuple, numpy.ndarray]:

if len(mutation_probability) == 2:

for el in mutation_probability:

if type(el) in [int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]:

if el >= 0 and el <= 1:

pass

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The values assigned to the 'mutation_probability' parameter must be between 0 and 1 inclusive but ({mutation_probability_value}) found.".format(mutation_probability_value=el))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Unexpected type for a value assigned to the 'mutation_probability' parameter. A numeric value is expected but ({mutation_probability_value}) of type {mutation_probability_type} found.".format(mutation_probability_value=el, mutation_probability_type=type(el)))

if mutation_probability[0] < mutation_probability[1]:

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("The first element in the 'mutation_probability' parameter is {first_el} which is smaller than the second element {second_el}. This means the mutation rate for the high-quality solutions is higher than the mutation rate of the low-quality ones. This causes high disruption in the high qualitiy solutions while making little changes in the low quality solutions. Please make the first element higher than the second element.".format(first_el=mutation_probability[0], second_el=mutation_probability[1]))

self.mutation_probability = mutation_probability

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("When mutation_type='adaptive', then the 'mutation_probability' parameter must have only 2 elements but ({mutation_probability_length}) element(s) found.".format(mutation_probability_length=len(mutation_probability)))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Unexpected type for the 'mutation_probability' parameter. When mutation_type='adaptive', then list/tuple/numpy.ndarray is expected but ({mutation_probability_value}) of type {mutation_probability_type} found.".format(mutation_probability_value=mutation_probability, mutation_probability_type=type(mutation_probability)))

else:

pass

if not (self.mutation_type is None):

if mutation_num_genes is None:

# The mutation_num_genes parameter does not exist. Checking whether adaptive mutation is used.

if (mutation_type != "adaptive"):

# The percent of genes to mutate is fixed not adaptive.

if mutation_percent_genes == 'default'.lower():

mutation_percent_genes = 10

# Based on the mutation percentage in the 'mutation_percent_genes' parameter, the number of genes to mutate is calculated.

mutation_num_genes = numpy.uint32((mutation_percent_genes*self.num_genes)/100)

# Based on the mutation percentage of genes, if the number of selected genes for mutation is less than the least possible value which is 1, then the number will be set to 1.

if mutation_num_genes == 0:

if self.mutation_probability is None:

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("The percentage of genes to mutate (mutation_percent_genes={mutation_percent}) resutled in selecting ({mutation_num}) genes. The number of genes to mutate is set to 1 (mutation_num_genes=1).\nIf you do not want to mutate any gene, please set mutation_type=None.".format(mutation_percent=mutation_percent_genes, mutation_num=mutation_num_genes))

mutation_num_genes = 1

elif type(mutation_percent_genes) in [int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]:

if (mutation_percent_genes <= 0 or mutation_percent_genes > 100):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The percentage of selected genes for mutation (mutation_percent_genes) must be > 0 and <= 100 but ({mutation_percent_genes}) found.\n".format(mutation_percent_genes=mutation_percent_genes))

else:

# If mutation_percent_genes equals the string "default", then it is replaced by the numeric value 10.

if mutation_percent_genes == 'default'.lower():

mutation_percent_genes = 10

# Based on the mutation percentage in the 'mutation_percent_genes' parameter, the number of genes to mutate is calculated.

mutation_num_genes = numpy.uint32((mutation_percent_genes*self.num_genes)/100)

# Based on the mutation percentage of genes, if the number of selected genes for mutation is less than the least possible value which is 1, then the number will be set to 1.

if mutation_num_genes == 0:

if self.mutation_probability is None:

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("The percentage of genes to mutate (mutation_percent_genes={mutation_percent}) resutled in selecting ({mutation_num}) genes. The number of genes to mutate is set to 1 (mutation_num_genes=1).\nIf you do not want to mutate any gene, please set mutation_type=None.".format(mutation_percent=mutation_percent_genes, mutation_num=mutation_num_genes))

mutation_num_genes = 1

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Unexpected value or type of the 'mutation_percent_genes' parameter. It only accepts the string 'default' or a numeric value but ({mutation_percent_genes_value}) of type {mutation_percent_genes_type} found.".format(mutation_percent_genes_value=mutation_percent_genes, mutation_percent_genes_type=type(mutation_percent_genes)))

else:

# The percent of genes to mutate is adaptive not fixed.

if type(mutation_percent_genes) in [list, tuple, numpy.ndarray]:

if len(mutation_percent_genes) == 2:

mutation_num_genes = numpy.zeros_like(mutation_percent_genes, dtype=numpy.uint32)

for idx, el in enumerate(mutation_percent_genes):

if type(el) in [int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]:

if (el <= 0 or el > 100):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The values assigned to the 'mutation_percent_genes' must be > 0 and <= 100 but ({mutation_percent_genes}) found.\n".format(mutation_percent_genes=mutation_percent_genes))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Unexpected type for a value assigned to the 'mutation_percent_genes' parameter. An integer value is expected but ({mutation_percent_genes_value}) of type {mutation_percent_genes_type} found.".format(mutation_percent_genes_value=el, mutation_percent_genes_type=type(el)))

# At this point of the loop, the current value assigned to the parameter 'mutation_percent_genes' is validated.

# Based on the mutation percentage in the 'mutation_percent_genes' parameter, the number of genes to mutate is calculated.

mutation_num_genes[idx] = numpy.uint32((mutation_percent_genes[idx]*self.num_genes)/100)

# Based on the mutation percentage of genes, if the number of selected genes for mutation is less than the least possible value which is 1, then the number will be set to 1.

if mutation_num_genes[idx] == 0:

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("The percentage of genes to mutate ({mutation_percent}) resutled in selecting ({mutation_num}) genes. The number of genes to mutate is set to 1 (mutation_num_genes=1).\nIf you do not want to mutate any gene, please set mutation_type=None.".format(mutation_percent=mutation_percent_genes[idx], mutation_num=mutation_num_genes[idx]))

mutation_num_genes[idx] = 1

if mutation_percent_genes[0] < mutation_percent_genes[1]:

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("The first element in the 'mutation_percent_genes' parameter is ({first_el}) which is smaller than the second element ({second_el}).\nThis means the mutation rate for the high-quality solutions is higher than the mutation rate of the low-quality ones. This causes high disruption in the high qualitiy solutions while making little changes in the low quality solutions.\nPlease make the first element higher than the second element.".format(first_el=mutation_percent_genes[0], second_el=mutation_percent_genes[1]))

# At this point outside the loop, all values of the parameter 'mutation_percent_genes' are validated. Eveyrthing is OK.

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("When mutation_type='adaptive', then the 'mutation_percent_genes' parameter must have only 2 elements but ({mutation_percent_genes_length}) element(s) found.".format(mutation_percent_genes_length=len(mutation_percent_genes)))

else:

if self.mutation_probability is None:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Unexpected type for the 'mutation_percent_genes' parameter. When mutation_type='adaptive', then list/tuple/numpy.ndarray is expected but ({mutation_percent_genes_value}) of type {mutation_percent_genes_type} found.".format(mutation_percent_genes_value=mutation_percent_genes, mutation_percent_genes_type=type(mutation_percent_genes)))

# The mutation_num_genes parameter exists. Checking whether adaptive mutation is used.

elif (mutation_type != "adaptive"):

# Number of genes to mutate is fixed not adaptive.

if type(mutation_num_genes) in [int, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64]:

if (mutation_num_genes <= 0):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The number of selected genes for mutation (mutation_num_genes) cannot be <= 0 but ({mutation_num_genes}) found. If you do not want to use mutation, please set mutation_type=None\n".format(mutation_num_genes=mutation_num_genes))

elif (mutation_num_genes > self.num_genes):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The number of selected genes for mutation (mutation_num_genes), which is ({mutation_num_genes}), cannot be greater than the number of genes ({num_genes}).\n".format(mutation_num_genes=mutation_num_genes, num_genes=self.num_genes))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The 'mutation_num_genes' parameter is expected to be a positive integer but the value ({mutation_num_genes_value}) of type {mutation_num_genes_type} found.\n".format(mutation_num_genes_value=mutation_num_genes, mutation_num_genes_type=type(mutation_num_genes)))

else:

# Number of genes to mutate is adaptive not fixed.

if type(mutation_num_genes) in [list, tuple, numpy.ndarray]:

if len(mutation_num_genes) == 2:

for el in mutation_num_genes:

if type(el) in [int, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64]:

if (el <= 0):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The values assigned to the 'mutation_num_genes' cannot be <= 0 but ({mutation_num_genes_value}) found. If you do not want to use mutation, please set mutation_type=None\n".format(mutation_num_genes_value=el))

elif (el > self.num_genes):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The values assigned to the 'mutation_num_genes' cannot be greater than the number of genes ({num_genes}) but ({mutation_num_genes_value}) found.\n".format(mutation_num_genes_value=el, num_genes=self.num_genes))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Unexpected type for a value assigned to the 'mutation_num_genes' parameter. An integer value is expected but ({mutation_num_genes_value}) of type {mutation_num_genes_type} found.".format(mutation_num_genes_value=el, mutation_num_genes_type=type(el)))

# At this point of the loop, the current value assigned to the parameter 'mutation_num_genes' is validated.

if mutation_num_genes[0] < mutation_num_genes[1]:

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("The first element in the 'mutation_num_genes' parameter is {first_el} which is smaller than the second element {second_el}. This means the mutation rate for the high-quality solutions is higher than the mutation rate of the low-quality ones. This causes high disruption in the high qualitiy solutions while making little changes in the low quality solutions. Please make the first element higher than the second element.".format(first_el=mutation_num_genes[0], second_el=mutation_num_genes[1]))

# At this point outside the loop, all values of the parameter 'mutation_num_genes' are validated. Eveyrthing is OK.

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("When mutation_type='adaptive', then the 'mutation_num_genes' parameter must have only 2 elements but ({mutation_num_genes_length}) element(s) found.".format(mutation_num_genes_length=len(mutation_num_genes)))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Unexpected type for the 'mutation_num_genes' parameter. When mutation_type='adaptive', then list/tuple/numpy.ndarray is expected but ({mutation_num_genes_value}) of type {mutation_num_genes_type} found.".format(mutation_num_genes_value=mutation_num_genes, mutation_num_genes_type=type(mutation_num_genes)))

else:

pass

if not (type(mutation_by_replacement) is bool):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise TypeError("The expected type of the 'mutation_by_replacement' parameter is bool but ({mutation_by_replacement_type}) found.".format(mutation_by_replacement_type=type(mutation_by_replacement)))

self.mutation_by_replacement = mutation_by_replacement

if self.mutation_type != "random" and self.mutation_by_replacement:

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("The mutation_by_replacement parameter is set to True while the mutation_type parameter is not set to random but ({mut_type}). Note that the mutation_by_replacement parameter has an effect only when mutation_type='random'.".format(mut_type=mutation_type))

if (self.mutation_type is None) and (self.crossover_type is None):

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("The 2 parameters mutation_type and crossover_type are None. This disables any type of evolution the genetic algorithm can make. As a result, the genetic algorithm cannot find a better solution that the best solution in the initial population.")

# select_parents: Refers to a method that selects the parents based on the parent selection type specified in the parent_selection_type attribute.

# Validating the selected type of parent selection: parent_selection_type

if (parent_selection_type == "sss"):

self.select_parents = self.steady_state_selection

elif (parent_selection_type == "rws"):

self.select_parents = self.roulette_wheel_selection

elif (parent_selection_type == "sus"):

self.select_parents = self.stochastic_universal_selection

elif (parent_selection_type == "random"):

self.select_parents = self.random_selection

elif (parent_selection_type == "tournament"):

self.select_parents = self.tournament_selection

elif (parent_selection_type == "rank"):

self.select_parents = self.rank_selection

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Undefined parent selection type: {parent_selection_type}. \nThe assigned value to the parent_selection_type argument does not refer to one of the supported parent selection techniques which are: \n-sss (for steady state selection)\n-rws (for roulette wheel selection)\n-sus (for stochastic universal selection)\n-rank (for rank selection)\n-random (for random selection)\n-tournament (for tournament selection).\n".format(parent_selection_type))

if(parent_selection_type == "tournament"):

if (K_tournament > self.sol_per_pop):

K_tournament = self.sol_per_pop

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("K of the tournament selection ({K_tournament}) should not be greater than the number of solutions within the population ({sol_per_pop}).\nK will be clipped to be equal to the number of solutions in the population (sol_per_pop).\n".format(K_tournament=K_tournament, sol_per_pop=self.sol_per_pop))

elif (K_tournament <= 0):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("K of the tournament selection cannot be <=0 but ({K_tournament}) found.\n".format(K_tournament=K_tournament))

self.K_tournament = K_tournament

# Validating the number of parents to keep in the next population: keep_parents

if (keep_parents > self.sol_per_pop or keep_parents > self.num_parents_mating or keep_parents < -1):

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("Incorrect value to the keep_parents parameter: {keep_parents}. \nThe assigned value to the keep_parent parameter must satisfy the following conditions: \n1) Less than or equal to sol_per_pop\n2) Less than or equal to num_parents_mating\n3) Greater than or equal to -1.".format(keep_parents=keep_parents))

self.keep_parents = keep_parents

if parent_selection_type == "sss" and self.keep_parents == 0:

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("The steady-state parent (sss) selection operator is used despite that no parents are kept in the next generation.")

if (self.keep_parents == -1): # Keep all parents in the next population.

self.num_offspring = self.sol_per_pop - self.num_parents_mating

elif (self.keep_parents == 0): # Keep no parents in the next population.

self.num_offspring = self.sol_per_pop

elif (self.keep_parents > 0): # Keep the specified number of parents in the next population.

self.num_offspring = self.sol_per_pop - self.keep_parents

# Check if the fitness_func is a function.

if callable(fitness_func):

# Check if the fitness function accepts 2 paramaters.

if (fitness_func.__code__.co_argcount == 2):

self.fitness_func = fitness_func

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The fitness function must accept 2 parameters representing the solution to which the fitness value is calculated and the solution index within the population.\nThe passed fitness function named '{funcname}' accepts {argcount} argument(s).".format(funcname=fitness_func.__code__.co_name, argcount=fitness_func.__code__.co_argcount))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the fitness_func parameter is expected to be of type function but ({fitness_func_type}) found.".format(fitness_func_type=type(fitness_func)))

# Check if the on_start exists.

if not (on_start is None):

# Check if the on_start is a function.

if callable(on_start):

# Check if the on_start function accepts only a single paramater.

if (on_start.__code__.co_argcount == 1):

self.on_start = on_start

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The function assigned to the on_start parameter must accept only 1 parameter representing the instance of the genetic algorithm.\nThe passed function named '{funcname}' accepts {argcount} argument(s).".format(funcname=on_start.__code__.co_name, argcount=on_start.__code__.co_argcount))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the on_start parameter is expected to be of type function but ({on_start_type}) found.".format(on_start_type=type(on_start)))

else:

self.on_start = None

# Check if the on_fitness exists.

if not (on_fitness is None):

# Check if the on_fitness is a function.

if callable(on_fitness):

# Check if the on_fitness function accepts 2 paramaters.

if (on_fitness.__code__.co_argcount == 2):

self.on_fitness = on_fitness

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The function assigned to the on_fitness parameter must accept 2 parameters representing the instance of the genetic algorithm and the fitness values of all solutions.\nThe passed function named '{funcname}' accepts {argcount} argument(s).".format(funcname=on_fitness.__code__.co_name, argcount=on_fitness.__code__.co_argcount))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the on_fitness parameter is expected to be of type function but ({on_fitness_type}) found.".format(on_fitness_type=type(on_fitness)))

else:

self.on_fitness = None

# Check if the on_parents exists.

if not (on_parents is None):

# Check if the on_parents is a function.

if callable(on_parents):

# Check if the on_parents function accepts 2 paramaters.

if (on_parents.__code__.co_argcount == 2):

self.on_parents = on_parents

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The function assigned to the on_parents parameter must accept 2 parameters representing the instance of the genetic algorithm and the fitness values of all solutions.\nThe passed function named '{funcname}' accepts {argcount} argument(s).".format(funcname=on_parents.__code__.co_name, argcount=on_parents.__code__.co_argcount))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the on_parents parameter is expected to be of type function but ({on_parents_type}) found.".format(on_parents_type=type(on_parents)))

else:

self.on_parents = None

# Check if the on_crossover exists.

if not (on_crossover is None):

# Check if the on_crossover is a function.

if callable(on_crossover):

# Check if the on_crossover function accepts 2 paramaters.

if (on_crossover.__code__.co_argcount == 2):

self.on_crossover = on_crossover

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The function assigned to the on_crossover parameter must accept 2 parameters representing the instance of the genetic algorithm and the offspring generated using crossover.\nThe passed function named '{funcname}' accepts {argcount} argument(s).".format(funcname=on_crossover.__code__.co_name, argcount=on_crossover.__code__.co_argcount))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the on_crossover parameter is expected to be of type function but ({on_crossover_type}) found.".format(on_crossover_type=type(on_crossover)))

else:

self.on_crossover = None

# Check if the on_mutation exists.

if not (on_mutation is None):

# Check if the on_mutation is a function.

if callable(on_mutation):

# Check if the on_mutation function accepts 2 paramaters.

if (on_mutation.__code__.co_argcount == 2):

self.on_mutation = on_mutation

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The function assigned to the on_mutation parameter must accept 2 parameters representing the instance of the genetic algorithm and the offspring after applying the mutation operation.\nThe passed function named '{funcname}' accepts {argcount} argument(s).".format(funcname=on_mutation.__code__.co_name, argcount=on_mutation.__code__.co_argcount))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the on_mutation parameter is expected to be of type function but ({on_mutation_type}) found.".format(on_mutation_type=type(on_mutation)))

else:

self.on_mutation = None

# Check if the callback_generation exists.

if not (callback_generation is None):

# Check if the callback_generation is a function.

if callable(callback_generation):

# Check if the callback_generation function accepts only a single paramater.

if (callback_generation.__code__.co_argcount == 1):

self.callback_generation = callback_generation

on_generation = callback_generation

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("Starting from PyGAD 2.6.0, the callback_generation parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a later release of PyGAD. Please use the on_generation parameter instead.")

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The function assigned to the callback_generation parameter must accept only 1 parameter representing the instance of the genetic algorithm.\nThe passed function named '{funcname}' accepts {argcount} argument(s).".format(funcname=callback_generation.__code__.co_name, argcount=callback_generation.__code__.co_argcount))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the callback_generation parameter is expected to be of type function but ({callback_generation_type}) found.".format(callback_generation_type=type(callback_generation)))

else:

self.callback_generation = None

# Check if the on_generation exists.

if not (on_generation is None):

# Check if the on_generation is a function.

if callable(on_generation):

# Check if the on_generation function accepts only a single paramater.

if (on_generation.__code__.co_argcount == 1):

self.on_generation = on_generation

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The function assigned to the on_generation parameter must accept only 1 parameter representing the instance of the genetic algorithm.\nThe passed function named '{funcname}' accepts {argcount} argument(s).".format(funcname=on_generation.__code__.co_name, argcount=on_generation.__code__.co_argcount))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the on_generation parameter is expected to be of type function but ({on_generation_type}) found.".format(on_generation_type=type(on_generation)))

else:

self.on_generation = None

# Check if the on_stop exists.

if not (on_stop is None):

# Check if the on_stop is a function.

if callable(on_stop):

# Check if the on_stop function accepts 2 paramaters.

if (on_stop.__code__.co_argcount == 2):

self.on_stop = on_stop

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The function assigned to the on_stop parameter must accept 2 parameters representing the instance of the genetic algorithm and a list of the fitness values of the solutions in the last population.\nThe passed function named '{funcname}' accepts {argcount} argument(s).".format(funcname=on_stop.__code__.co_name, argcount=on_stop.__code__.co_argcount))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value assigned to the 'on_stop' parameter is expected to be of type function but ({on_stop_type}) found.".format(on_stop_type=type(on_stop)))

else:

self.on_stop = None

# delay_after_gen

if type(delay_after_gen) in [int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]:

if delay_after_gen >= 0.0:

self.delay_after_gen = delay_after_gen

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value passed to the 'delay_after_gen' parameter must be a non-negative number. The value passed is {delay_after_gen} of type {delay_after_gen_type}.".format(delay_after_gen=delay_after_gen, delay_after_gen_type=type(delay_after_gen)))

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value passed to the 'delay_after_gen' parameter must be of type int or float but ({delay_after_gen_type}) found.".format(delay_after_gen_type=type(delay_after_gen)))

# save_best_solutions

if type(save_best_solutions) is bool:

if save_best_solutions == True:

if not self.suppress_warnings: warnings.warn("Use the 'save_best_solutions' parameter with caution as it may cause memory overflow.")

else:

self.valid_parameters = False

raise ValueError("The value passed to the 'save_best_solutions' parameter must be of type bool but ({save_best_solutions_type}) found.".format(save_best_solutions_type=type(save_best_solutions)))

# The number of completed generations.

self.generations_completed = 0

# At this point, all necessary parameters validation is done successfully and we are sure that the parameters are valid.

self.valid_parameters = True # Set to True when all the parameters passed in the GA class constructor are valid.

# Parameters of the genetic algorithm.

self.num_generations = abs(num_generations)

self.parent_selection_type = parent_selection_type

# Parameters of the mutation operation.

self.mutation_percent_genes = mutation_percent_genes

self.mutation_num_genes = mutation_num_genes

self.random_mutation_min_val = random_mutation_min_val

self.random_mutation_max_val = random_mutation_max_val

# Even such this parameter is declared in the class header, it is assigned to the object here to access it after saving the object.

self.best_solutions_fitness = [] # A list holding the fitness value of the best solution for each generation.

self.best_solution_generation = -1 # The generation number at which the best fitness value is reached. It is only assigned the generation number after the `run()` method completes. Otherwise, its value is -1.

self.save_best_solutions = save_best_solutions

self.best_solutions = [] # Holds the best solution in each generation.

def initialize_population(self, low, high):

"""

Creates an initial population randomly as a NumPy array. The array is saved in the instance attribute named 'population'.

low: The lower value of the random range from which the gene values in the initial population are selected. It defaults to -4. Available in PyGAD 1.0.20 and higher.

high: The upper value of the random range from which the gene values in the initial population are selected. It defaults to -4. Available in PyGAD 1.0.20.

This method assigns the values of the following 3 instance attributes:

1. pop_size: Size of the population.

2. population: Initially, holds the initial population and later updated after each generation.

3. init_population: Keeping the initial population.

"""

# Population size = (number of chromosomes, number of genes per chromosome)

self.pop_size = (self.sol_per_pop,self.num_genes) # The population will have sol_per_pop chromosome where each chromosome has num_genes genes.

if self.gene_space is None:

# Creating the initial population randomly.

self.population = numpy.asarray(numpy.random.uniform(low=low,

high=high,

size=self.pop_size), dtype=self.gene_type) # A NumPy array holding the initial population.

elif self.gene_space_nested:

self.population = numpy.zeros(shape=self.pop_size, dtype=self.gene_type)

for sol_idx in range(self.sol_per_pop):

for gene_idx in range(self.num_genes):

if type(self.gene_space[gene_idx]) in [list, tuple, range]:

# Check if the gene space has None values. If any, then replace it with randomly generated values according to the 3 attributes init_range_low, init_range_high, and gene_type.

for idx, val in enumerate(self.gene_space[gene_idx]):

if val is None:

self.gene_space[gene_idx][idx] = numpy.asarray(numpy.random.uniform(low=low,

high=high,

size=1), dtype=self.gene_type)[0]

self.population[sol_idx, gene_idx] = random.choice(self.gene_space[gene_idx])

elif type(self.gene_space[gene_idx]) == type(None):

self.gene_space[gene_idx] = numpy.asarray(numpy.random.uniform(low=low,

high=high,

size=1), dtype=self.gene_type)[0]

self.population[sol_idx, gene_idx] = self.gene_space[gene_idx].copy()

elif type(self.gene_space[gene_idx]) in [int, float, numpy.int, numpy.int8, numpy.int16, numpy.int32, numpy.int64, numpy.uint, numpy.uint8, numpy.uint16, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64, numpy.float, numpy.float16, numpy.float32, numpy.float64]:

self.population[sol_idx, gene_idx] = self.gene_space[gene_idx].copy()

else:

# Replace all the None values with random values using the init_range_low, init_range_high, and gene_type attributes.

for idx, curr_gene_space in enumerate(self.gene_space):

if curr_gene_space is None:

self.gene_space[idx] = numpy.asarray(numpy.random.uniform(low=low,

high=high,

size=1), dtype=self.gene_type)[0]

# Creating the initial population by randomly selecting the genes' values from the values inside the 'gene_space' parameter.

self.population = numpy.asarray(numpy.random.choice(self.gene_space,

size=self.pop_size),

dtype=self.gene_type) # A NumPy array holding the initial population.

# Keeping the initial population in the initial_population attribute.

self.initial_population = self.population.copy()

def cal_pop_fitness(self):

"""

Calculating the fitness values of all solutions in the current population.

It returns:

-fitness: An array of the calculated fitness values.

"""

if self.valid_parameters == False:

raise ValueError("ERROR calling the cal_pop_fitness() method: \nPlease check the parameters passed while creating an instance of the GA class.\n")

pop_fitness = []

# Calculating the fitness value of each solution in the current population.

for sol_idx, sol in enumerate(self.population):

fitness = self.fitness_func(sol, sol_idx)

pop_fitness.append(fitness)

pop_fitness = numpy.array(pop_fitness)

return pop_fitness

def run(self):

"""

Runs the genetic algorithm. This is the main method in which the genetic algorithm is evolved through a number of generations.

"""

if self.valid_parameters == False:

raise ValueError("ERROR calling the run() method: \nThe run() method cannot be executed with invalid parameters. Please check the parameters passed while creating an instance of the GA class.\n")

if not (self.on_start is None):

self.on_start(self)

for generation in range(self.num_generations):

# Measuring the fitness of each chromosome in the population.

fitness = self.cal_pop_fitness()

if not (self.on_fitness is None):

self.on_fitness(self, fitness)

best_solution, best_solution_fitness, best_match_idx = self.best_solution(pop_fitness=fitness)

# Appending the fitness value of the best solution in the current generation to the best_solutions_fitness attribute.

self.best_solutions_fitness.append(best_solution_fitness)

# Appending the best solution to the best_solutions list.

if self.save_best_solutions:

self.best_solutions.append(best_solution)

# Selecting the best parents in the population for mating.

parents = self.select_parents(fitness, num_parents=self.num_parents_mating)

if not (self.on_parents is None):

self.on_parents(self, parents)

# If self.crossover_type=None, then no crossover is applied and thus no offspring will be created in the next generations. The next generation will use the solutions in the current population.

if self.crossover_type is None:

if self.num_offspring <= self.keep_parents:

offspring_crossover = parents[0:self.num_offspring]

else:

offspring_crossover = numpy.concatenate((parents, self.population[0:(self.num_offspring - parents.shape[0])]))

else:

# Generating offspring using crossover.

offspring_crossover = self.crossover(parents,

offspring_size=(self.num_offspring, self.num_genes))

if not (self.on_crossover is None):

self.on_crossover(self, offspring_crossover)

# If self.mutation_type=None, then no mutation is applied and thus no changes are applied to the offspring created using the crossover operation. The offspring will be used unchanged in the next generation.

if self.mutation_type is None:

offspring_mutation = offspring_crossover

else:

# Adding some variations to the offspring using mutation.

offspring_mutation = self.mutation(offspring_crossover)

if not (self.on_mutation is None):

self.on_mutation(self, offspring_mutation)

if (self.keep_parents == 0):

self.population = offspring_mutation

elif (self.keep_parents == -1):

# Creating the new population based on the parents and offspring.

self.population[0:parents.shape[0], :] = parents

self.population[parents.shape[0]:, :] = offspring_mutation

elif (self.keep_parents > 0):

parents_to_keep = self.steady_state_selection(fitness, num_parents=self.keep_parents)

self.population[0:parents_to_keep.shape[0], :] = parents_to_keep

self.population[parents_to_keep.shape[0]:, :] = offspring_mutation

self.generations_completed = generation + 1 # The generations_completed attribute holds the number of the last completed generation.

# If the callback_generation attribute is not None, then cal the callback function after the generation.

if not (self.on_generation is None):

r = self.on_generation(self)

if type(r) is str and r.lower() == "stop":

# Before aborting the loop, save the fitness value of the best solution.

_, best_solution_fitness, _ = self.best_solution()

self.best_solutions_fitness.append(best_solution_fitness)

break

time.sleep(self.delay_after_gen)

last_gen_fitness = self.cal_pop_fitness()

# Save the fitness value of the best solution.

_, best_solution_fitness, _ = self.best_solution(pop_fitness=last_gen_fitness)

self.best_solutions_fitness.append(best_solution_fitness)

self.best_solution_generation = numpy.where(numpy.array(self.best_solutions_fitness) == numpy.max(numpy.array(self.best_solutions_fitness)))[0][0]

# After the run() method completes, the run_completed flag is changed from False to True.

self.run_completed = True # Set to True only after the run() method completes gracefully.

if not (self.on_stop is None):

self.on_stop(self, last_gen_fitness)

# Converting the 'best_solutions' list into a NumPy array.

self.best_solutions = numpy.array(self.best_solutions)

def steady_state_selection(self, fitness, num_parents):

"""

Selects the parents using the steady-state selection technique. Later, these parents will mate to produce the offspring.

It accepts 2 parameters:

-fitness: The fitness values of the solutions in the current population.

-num_parents: The number of parents to be selected.

It returns an array of the selected parents.

"""

fitness_sorted = sorted(range(len(fitness)), key=lambda k: fitness[k])

fitness_sorted.reverse()

# Selecting the best individuals in the current generation as parents for producing the offspring of the next generation.

parents = numpy.empty((num_parents, self.population.shape[1]))

for parent_num in range(num_parents):

parents[parent_num, :] = self.population[fitness_sorted[parent_num], :].copy()

return parents

def rank_selection(self, fitness, num_parents):

"""

Selects the parents using the rank selection technique. Later, these parents will mate to produce the offspring.

It accepts 2 parameters:

-fitness: The fitness values of the solutions in the current population.

-num_parents: The number of parents to be selected.

It returns an array of the selected parents.

"""

fitness_sorted = sorted(range(len(fitness)), key=lambda k: fitness[k])

fitness_sorted.reverse()

# Selecting the best individuals in the current generation as parents for producing the offspring of the next generation.

parents = numpy.empty((num_parents, self.population.shape[1]))

for parent_num in range(num_parents):

parents[parent_num, :] = self.population[fitness_sorted[parent_num], :].copy()

return parents

def random_selection(self, fitness, num_parents):

"""

Selects the parents randomly. Later, these parents will mate to produce the offspring.

It accepts 2 parameters:

-fitness: The fitness values of the solutions in the current population.

-num_parents: The number of parents to be selected.

It returns an array of the selected parents.

"""

parents = numpy.empty((num_parents, self.population.shape[1]))

rand_indices = numpy.random.randint(low=0.0, high=fitness.shape[0], size=num_parents)

for parent_num in range(num_parents):

parents[parent_num, :] = self.population[rand_indices[parent_num], :].copy()

return parents

def tournament_selection(self, fitness, num_parents):

"""

Selects the parents using the tournament selection technique. Later, these parents will mate to produce the offspring.

It accepts 2 parameters:

-fitness: The fitness values of the solutions in the current population.

-num_parents: The number of parents to be selected.

It returns an array of the selected parents.

"""

parents = numpy.empty((num_parents, self.population.shape[1]))

for parent_num in range(num_parents):

rand_indices = numpy.random.randint(low=0.0, high=len(fitness), size=self.K_tournament)

K_fitnesses = fitness[rand_indices]

selected_parent_idx = numpy.where(K_fitnesses == numpy.max(K_fitnesses))[0][0]

parents[parent_num, :] = self.population[rand_indices[selected_parent_idx], :].copy()

return parents

def roulette_wheel_selection(self, fitness, num_parents):

"""

Selects the parents using the roulette wheel selection technique. Later, these parents will mate to produce the offspring.

It accepts 2 parameters:

-fitness: The fitness values of the solutions in the current population.

-num_parents: The number of parents to be selected.

It returns an array of the selected parents.

"""

fitness_sum = numpy.sum(fitness)

probs = fitness / fitness_sum

probs_start = numpy.zeros(probs.shape, dtype=numpy.float) # An array holding the start values of the ranges of probabilities.

probs_end = numpy.zeros(probs.shape, dtype=numpy.float) # An array holding the end values of the ranges of probabilities.

curr = 0.0

# Calculating the probabilities of the solutions to form a roulette wheel.

for _ in range(probs.shape[0]):

min_probs_idx = numpy.where(probs == numpy.min(probs))[0][0]

probs_start[min_probs_idx] = curr

curr = curr + probs[min_probs_idx]

probs_end[min_probs_idx] = curr

probs[min_probs_idx] = 99999999999

# Selecting the best individuals in the current generation as parents for producing the offspring of the next generation.

parents = numpy.empty((num_parents, self.population.shape[1]))

for parent_num in range(num_parents):

rand_prob = numpy.random.rand()

for idx in range(probs.shape[0]):

if (rand_prob >= probs_start[idx] and rand_prob < probs_end[idx]):

parents[parent_num, :] = self.population[idx, :].copy()

break

return parents

def stochastic_universal_selection(self, fitness, num_parents):

"""

Selects the parents using the stochastic universal selection technique. Later, these parents will mate to produce the offspring.

It accepts 2 parameters:

-fitness: The fitness values of the solutions in the current population.

-num_parents: The number of parents to be selected.

It returns an array of the selected parents.

"""

fitness_sum = numpy.sum(fitness)

probs = fitness / fitness_sum

probs_start = numpy.zeros(probs.shape, dtype=numpy.float) # An array holding the start values of the ranges of probabilities.

probs_end = numpy.zeros(probs.shape, dtype=numpy.float) # An array holding the end values of the ranges of probabilities.

curr = 0.0

# Calculating the probabilities of the solutions to form a roulette wheel.

for _ in range(probs.shape[0]):

min_probs_idx = numpy.where(probs == numpy.min(probs))[0][0]

probs_start[min_probs_idx] = curr

curr = curr + probs[min_probs_idx]

probs_end[min_probs_idx] = curr

probs[min_probs_idx] = 99999999999

pointers_distance = 1.0 / self.num_parents_mating # Distance between different pointers.

first_pointer = numpy.random.uniform(low=0.0, high=pointers_distance, size=1) # Location of the first pointer.

# Selecting the best individuals in the current generation as parents for producing the offspring of the next generation.

parents = numpy.empty((num_parents, self.population.shape[1]))

for parent_num in range(num_parents):

rand_pointer = first_pointer + parent_num*pointers_distance

for idx in range(probs.shape[0]):

if (rand_pointer >= probs_start[idx] and rand_pointer < probs_end[idx]):

parents[parent_num, :] = self.population[idx, :].copy()

break

return parents

def single_point_crossover(self, parents, offspring_size):

"""

Applies the single-point crossover. It selects a point randomly at which crossover takes place between the pairs of parents.

It accepts 2 parameters:

-parents: The parents to mate for producing the offspring.

-offspring_size: The size of the offspring to produce.

It returns an array the produced offspring.

"""

offspring = numpy.empty(offspring_size)

for k in range(offspring_size[0]):

# The point at which crossover takes place between two parents. Usually, it is at the center.

crossover_point = numpy.random.randint(low=0, high=parents.shape[1], size=1)[0]

if self.crossover_probability != None:

probs = numpy.random.random(size=parents.shape[0])

indices = numpy.where(probs <= self.crossover_probability)[0]

# If no parent satisfied the probability, no crossover is applied and a parent is selected.

if len(indices) == 0:

offspring[k, :] = parents[k % parents.shape[0], :]

continue

elif len(indices) == 1:

parent1_idx = indices[0]

parent2_idx = parent1_idx

else:

indices = random.sample(set(indices), 2)

parent1_idx = indices[0]

parent2_idx = indices[1]

else:

# Index of the first parent to mate.

parent1_idx = k % parents.shape[0]

# Index of the second parent to mate.

parent2_idx = (k+1) % parents.shape[0]

# The new offspring has its first half of its genes from the first parent.

offspring[k, 0:crossover_point] = parents[parent1_idx, 0:crossover_point]

# The new offspring has its second half of its genes from the second parent.

offspring[k, crossover_point:] = parents[parent2_idx, crossover_point:]

return offspring

def two_points_crossover(self, parents, offspring_size):

"""

Applies the 2 points crossover. It selects the 2 points randomly at which crossover takes place between the pairs of parents.

It accepts 2 parameters:

-parents: The parents to mate for producing the offspring.

-offspring_size: The size of the offspring to produce.

It returns an array the produced offspring.

"""

offspring = numpy.empty(offspring_size)

for k in range(offspring_size[0]):

if (parents.shape[1] == 1): # If the chromosome has only a single gene. In this case, this gene is copied from the second parent.

crossover_point1 = 0

else: